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Semaphore, Shared Memory and IPC

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Semaphore Funktionen

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alexh at southwestmicrowave dot com
19.02.2008 18:24
I've had a devil of a time interfacing with non-PHP declared shared memory.  DO NOT do this unless you read the php-X.X.X/ext/sysvshm/ code directly.  Non-PHP programs need to use exactly the same "shared memory" struct as PHP uses, otherwise this "system V standard" call doesn't work.

Here are the specific deviations from the System-V C-calls:

<?
$shmkey
= ftok($shmkey_path, $shmkey_proj_id);
?>

In C the $shmkey_proj_id is an int, but in PHP it's a char* to a single char.  This means that your C program is restricted to using 0-255 (in PHP chr(0) through chr(255)) for project ID's, if it used anything else then you have to re-write your C-routine.

<?
$var
= shm_get_var($shm_id, 0);
$fail = shm_put_var($shm_id, 0, $var1 )
?>

There are no such things as a system V calls like this at all.  In system V you simply have a pointer to the beginning of your shared memory segment after attaching, so as long as you offset to the right spot you get what you want.  In PHP, shared memory is ONLY cast as a struct, and the "data" is serialized as a string in the "mem" portion of the struct:

<? //C code
typedef struct {
       
long key;
       
long length;
       
long next;
       
char mem;
}
sysvshm_chunk;
?>

If your C program didn't use this struct you need to re-write it to use this struct and write everything as a string. 

This is rather absurd, as the purpose of shared memory is to communicate quickly with other programs resident in memory.  But it is what it is.
mr dot smaon at gmail dot com
25.01.2007 18:08
Here is a simple Mutex class implementation, using semaphore on Linux and flock on windows.
Filename is optionnal, but you can provide it anyway. This way the file will be created on windows, not on linux as it is not needed.
It's fast written and certainly lacks error checking code.

<?php

   
class Mutex
   
{
        private
$id;
        private
$sem_id;
        private
$is_acquired = false;
        private
$is_windows = false;
        private
$filename = '';
        private
$filepointer;

        function
__construct()
        {
            if(
substr(PHP_OS, 0, 3) == 'WIN')
               
$this->is_windows = true;
        }

        public function
init($id, $filename = '')
        {
           
$this->id = $id;

            if(
$this->is_windows)
            {
                if(empty(
$filename)){
                    print
"no filename specified";
                    return
false;
                }
                else
                   
$this->filename = $filename;
            }
            else
            {
                if(!(
$this->sem_id = sem_get($this->id, 1))){
                    print
"Error getting semaphore";
                    return
false;
                }
            }

            return
true;
        }

        public function
acquire()
        {
            if(
$this->is_windows)
            {
                if((
$this->filepointer = @fopen($this->filename, "w+")) == false)
                {
                    print
"error opening mutex file<br>";
                    return
false;
                }
               
                if(
flock($this->filepointer, LOCK_EX) == false)
                {
                    print
"error locking mutex file<br>";
                    return
false;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if (!
sem_acquire($this->sem_id)){
                    print
"error acquiring semaphore";
                    return
false;
                }
            }

           
$this->is_acquired = true;
            return
true;
        }

        public function
release()
        {
            if(!
$this->is_acquired)
                return
true;

            if(
$this->is_windows)
            {
                if(
flock($this->filepointer, LOCK_UN) == false)
                {
                    print
"error unlocking mutex file<br>";
                    return
false;
                }

               
fclose($this->filepointer);
            }
            else
            {
                if (!
sem_release($this->sem_id)){
                    print
"error releasing semaphore";
                    return
false;
                }
            }

           
$this->is_acquired = false;
            return
true;
        }

        public function
getId()
        {
            return
$this->sem_id;
        }
    }

?>

Example use:

<?php

    $mutex
= new Mutex();
   
$mutex->init(1, "mutex_file.txt");
   
$mutex->acquire();

   
//Whatever you want single-threaded here...
   
$mutex->release();

?>
hekkwan at gmail dot com
14.11.2006 15:15
I have been trying to get a php console script and a C application to use a common semaphore for a while. I just got it working, so I thought Id paste the code here incase anyone needs to do this, however, this is not the place for long code examples

I used c code from the php implementation to set up the semaphore set and then mimic the way the php interpreter implements a mutext type locking scheme, using a common semop call.

One has to do the process in the same way as its done in the php implementation, otherwise you run the risk of the php interpreter resetting the semaphore set for you.

The basic idea is.
1) sem_get - use a three semaphore set
1.1) increment the first sem
1.2) check the usage count (sem 3), if only one, set the max_attach using sem 2 for mutex behaviour to sem 3
2) decrement sem 1
3) for locking / unlocking use the first semaphore, but always call the above from your c-code.

If you want a copy of my code, email me and I'll happily send it to you !
chrissavery at removeme dot gmail dot com
2.06.2006 22:18
I was confused by two things that caused strange behaviour in my use of semaphores with php scripts running under apache.

Often enough page requests will end up being filled by the same process as other simultaneous requests. So semaphores will block when you may not have expected.

Also note that sem_remove() will remove it for all processes, not just the calling one. So you have to be sure that the last process running removes the semaphore and none before. I thought there was some failures occurring when my child processes were dropping out with errors.

So you can't just use get, acquire, release, remove in one script that will be hit by a web user. (1) They may end up in the same process and will wait on the other, and (2) the first one to finish will destroy the semaphore for others.

I left out the remove call, and it works ok, but I still wonder if the semaphore is removed by php when the last script that did a get finishes? Also creating a child process to do the work using proc_open works to ensure seperate processes but to be careful you would want to limit the number somehow as well.
Denis Gerasimov
2.11.2005 13:19
Many (most?) developers use Win32 platform for PHP Web applications development while production servers mostly run Unix/Linux OS. Below is the stub code I use to make it possible to write scripts on Win32 that use semaphores:

<?php

if (substr(PHP_OS, 0, 3) == 'WIN') {  // if Windows OS detected

   
function ftok($pathname, $proj)
    {
        if (empty(
$pathname) || !file_exists($pathname)) {  // an error occured
           
return -1;
        }
       
       
$pathname = $pathname . (string) $proj;
       
$key = array();
        while (
sizeof($key) < strlen($pathname)) {
           
$key[] = ord(substr($pathname, sizeof($key), 1));
        }
       
        return
dechex(array_sum($key));
    }
   
    function
sem_acquire($sem_identifier)
    {
        return
true;
    }

    function
sem_get($key, $max_acquire = null, $perm = null, $auto_release = null)
    {
        return
true;
    }
   
    function
sem_release($sem_identifier)
    {
        return
true;
    }
   
    function
sem_remove($sem_identifier)
    {
        return
true;
    }
   
}

?>

Of course, there is no way to test semaphores until you have no Unix/Linux test server.
p4nzer at yahoo dot com
1.11.2005 14:55
Actually, the way to lock a semaphore from C code appears to be:
<?
    struct sembuf semptr
[2];

    if( (
semid = semget(SEM_KEY, PHP_SEM_NEED_NUMBER, 0666 | IPC_CREAT)) < 0 ) {
       
perror("semget");
        return
1;
    }

   
semptr[0].sem_num = 0;
   
semptr[0].sem_op = -1;
   
semptr[0].sem_flg = SEM_UNDO;
   
semptr[1].sem_num = 1;
   
semptr[1].sem_op 1;
   
semptr[1].sem_flg = SEM_UNDO;

    if(
semop(semid, &semptr[0], 2) < 0 ) {
   
perror("semop");
    }
?>

PS: Disregard the <? and ?>, it's just for pretty printing... this is C code!
hcuevas at galenicom dot com
23.10.2003 16:49
Don't use semaphores to serialize access to an undefined number of resources. There is no way (yet) to know before locking if a semaphore is already locked, thus not being able to fully release the semaphore and occupying a semaphore resource for an undefined time.

A possible solution is to build a shared mem pool and store there the current number of locks for a semaphore id.

Cheers,
Horaci Cuevas
Roman Laptev
2.04.2003 16:50
If you going to work with semaphore, which was created by some external program, you can try the following code for this program (C example):

#define SVSEM_MODE (SEM_R | SEM_A | SEM_R>>3 | SEM_R>>6) /* 0644 */
#define PHP_SEM_NEED_NUMBER 3

/*.......*/
int semid, semflag = SVSEM_MODE | IPC_CREAT | IPC_EXCL;
struct sembuf semptr;
union semun semopts;
/*.......*/
if( (semid = semget(sempath, PHP_SEM_NEED_NUMBER, semflag)) >= 0 ) {
  semopts.val = 1; /* initial value for sem */
  if( semctl( semid, 0, SETVAL, semopts) < 0 ) {/*error*/}
  if( semctl( semid, 1, SETVAL, semopts) < 0 ) {/*error*/}
  /* PHP wanna zero for its own semget at third sem.
   * look at ./PHP_SOURCE_PATH/ext/sysvsem/sysvsem.c
   */
  semopts.val = 0;
  if( semctl( semid, 2, SETVAL, semopts) < 0 ) {/*error*/}
}
else if(errno == EEXIST) { /* connect only  */
  if( (semid = semget(sempath, PHP_SEM_NEED_NUMBER, SVSEM_MODE | IPC_CREAT)) < 0 ) {/*error*/}
}
else {/*error*/}

/*.......*/
/* If you want acquire the sem */
  semptr.sem_num = 0;
  semptr.sem_op = -1; /* lock it */
  semptr.sem_flg = SEM_UNDO;
  while( semop(semid, &semptr, 1) < 0 ) {/*error*/}
/*.......*/

Thanks,
Roma
elran70 at hotmail dot com
22.06.2002 19:54
Samlpe code for using most of the functions here:

    $MEMSIZE    =   512;//  size of shared memory to allocate
    $SEMKEY     =   1;  //  Semaphore key
    $SHMKEY     =   2;  //  Shared memory key

    echo "Start.\n";
    // Get semaphore
    $sem_id = sem_get($SEMKEY, 1);
    if ($sem_id === false)
    {
        echo "Fail to get semaphore";
        exit;
    }
    else
        echo "Got semaphore $sem_id.\n";

    // Accuire semaphore
    if (! sem_acquire($sem_id))
    {
        echo "Fail to aquire semaphore $sem_id.\n";
        sem_remove($sem_id);
        exit;
    }
    else
        echo "Success aquire semaphore $sem_id.\n";

    $shm_id =   shm_attach($SHMKEY, $MEMSIZE);
    if ($shm_id === false)
    {
        echo "Fail to attach shared memory.\n";
        sem_remove($sem_id);
        exit;
    }
    else
        echo "Success to attach shared memory : $shm_id.\n";

    // Write variable 1
    if (!shm_put_var($shm_id, 1, "Variable 1"))
    {
        echo "Fail to put var 1 on shared memory $shm_id.\n";
        sem_remove($sem_id);
        shm_remove ($shm_id);
        exit;
    }
    else
        echo "Write var1 to shared memory.\n";

    // Write variable 2
    if (!shm_put_var($shm_id, 2, "Variable 2"))
    {
        echo "Fail to put var 2 on shared memory $shm_id.\n";
        sem_remove($sem_id);
        shm_remove ($shm_id);
        exit;
    }
    else
        echo "Write var2 to shared memory.\n";

    // Read variable 1
    $var1   =   shm_get_var ($shm_id, 1);
    if ($var1 === false)
    {
        echo "Fail to retrive Var 1 from Shared memory $shm_id, return value=$var1.\n";
    }
    else
        echo "Read var1=$var1.\n";

    // Read variable 1
    $var2   =   shm_get_var ($shm_id, 2);
    if ($var1 === false)
    {
        echo "Fail to retrive Var 2 from Shared memory $shm_id, return value=$var2.\n";
    }
    else
        echo "Read var2=$var2.\n";

    // Release semaphore
    if (!sem_release($sem_id))
        echo "Fail to release $sem_id semaphore.\n";
    else
        echo "Semaphore $sem_id released.\n";

    // remove shared memory segmant from SysV
    if (shm_remove ($shm_id))
        echo "Shared memory successfully removed from SysV.\n";
    else
        echo "Fail to remove $shm_id shared memory from SysV.\n";

    // Remove semaphore
    if (sem_remove($sem_id))
        echo "semaphore removed successfully from SysV.\n";
    else
        echo "Fail to remove $sem_id semaphore from SysV.\n";
    echo "End.\n";
mikew at php dot net
1.06.2001 6:46
As for security,   please look at the perm argument to shm_get.   Shared Memory blocks has the same permission semantics as unix user/group/other file permissions.   As long as your webserver is running as a user that no other users can script to..  and as long as the permissions are set to 600,  you should be fine and have no security concerns.
php at stolt dot de
21.09.2000 8:58
The integer keys for sem_get() and shm_attach() have to be systemwide unique. There is no method to ensure that no other process on the system will use your specific key (security! and possible malfunction). Also shared memory is very seldom used there are possibilities for conflicts! To see the used id's you can use the program 'ipcs' (at least under SuseLinux;) ). Thanks Christian C.



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