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| Beispiel | Name | Ergebnis |
|---|---|---|
| $a and $b | Und | TRUE wenn sowohl $a als auch $b TRUE ist. |
| $a or $b | Oder | TRUE wenn $a oder $b TRUE ist. |
| $a xor $b | Entweder Oder | TRUE wenn entweder $a oder $b TRUE ist, aber nicht beide. |
| ! $a | Nicht | TRUE wenn $a nicht TRUE ist. |
| $a && $b | Und | TRUE wenn sowohl $a als auch $b TRUE ist. |
| $a || $b | Oder | TRUE wenn $a oder $b TRUE ist. |
Der Grund dafür, dass es je zwei unterschiedliche Operatoren für die "Und"- und die "Oder"-Verknüpfung gibt ist der, dass die beiden Operatoren jeweils Rangfolgen haben. (siehe auch Operator-Rangfolge.)
Beispiel #1 Logische Operatoren dargestellt
<?php
// --------------------
// foo() wird nie aufgerufen werden, da die Operatoren umgangen werden
$a = (false && foo());
$b = (true || foo());
$c = (false and foo());
$d = (true or foo());
// --------------------
// "||" hat eine größere Priorität als "or"
// Das Ergebnis des Ausdrucks (false || true) wird $e zugewiesen
// Funktioniert wie: ($e = (false || true))
$e = false || true;
// Die Konstante "false" wird $f zugewiesen und danach wird true ignoriert
// Funktioniert wie: (($e = false) or true)
$f = false or true;
var_dump($e, $f);
// --------------------
// "&&" hat eine größere Priorität als "and"
// Das Ergebnis des Ausdrucks (true && false) wird $g zugewiesen
// Funktioniert wie: ($g = (true && false))
$g = true && false;
// Die Konstante "true" wird $h zugewiesen und danach wird false ignoriert
// Funktioniert wie: (($h = true) and false)
$h = true and false;
var_dump($g, $h);
?>
Das oben gezeigte Beispiel erzeugt eine ähnliche Ausgabe wie:
bool(true) bool(false) bool(false) bool(true)
Try this...
$a = 0;
$b = 'G';
$c = false;
echo $a == $b ? "true\n" : "false\n";
echo $a == $c ? "true\n" : "false\n";
echo $c == $b ? "true\n" : "false\n";
Output:
true
true
false
Very dangerous...
Another example that might help.
<?php
(isset($panelemail) && !empty($panelemail) ? $panelemail : $userdata['email']);
?>
returns the userdata email address, but this
<?php
(isset($panelemail) AND !empty($panelemail) ? $panelemail : $userdata['email']);
?>
returns false.
The reason is that the two types of ands have a different order of precedence. "&&" is higher than "AND", and the "?:" operator just happens to come between the two. Also, since "||" (or) is actually higher than "AND," you should never mix &&s and ||s with ANDs and ORs without paretheses.
For example:
<?php
true && false || false
?>
returns false, but
<?php
true AND false || false
?>
returns true.
If you ever need to alternate row colors for data output in a table, do this:
in your CSS put these two classes:
.dataRow1 { background-color: #DFDFDF; }
.dataRow2 { background-color: #FFFFFF; }
then in your PHP, loop over each row:
<?php
// ....
foreach ($foo_array as $foo) {
?><tr class="<?php echo ($dr = !$dr) ? "dataRow1" : "dataRow2"; ?>"><td><?php echo $foo
?></td></tr><?php
}
?>
No need to initialize $dr as by default PHP will make it a boolean "false", then each iteration, it will toggle true/false and substitute the CSS class
Evaluation of logical expressions is stopped as soon as the result is known.
If you don't want this, you can replace the and-operator by min() and the or-operator by max().
<?php
function a($x) { echo 'Expression '; return $x; }
function b($x) { echo 'is '; return $x; }
function c($x) { echo $x ? 'true.' : 'false.' ;}
c( a( false ) and b( true ) ); // Output: Expression false.
c( min( a( false ), b( true ) ) ); // Output: Expression is false.
c( a( true ) or b( true ) ); // Output: Expression true.
c( max( a( true ), b( true ) ) ); // Output: Expression is true.
?>
This way, values aren't automaticaly converted to boolean like it would be done when using and or or. Therefore, if you aren't sure the values are already boolean, you have to convert them 'by hand':
<?php
c( min( (bool) a( false ), (bool) b( true ) ) );
?>
There's one userful way to use the or operator:
<?php
//If the connection was success, "Connected to database" will be shown.
//If the connection was failed, "Unable to connect" will be shown.(NOTE: The @ will hide error messages)
@mysql_connect("localhost", "root", "password") or die("Unable to connect");
echo "Connected to database";
?>
So you don't need to use if operators to add more lines.
@zhustar:
I will verify the following:
<?php
$a = false xor true;
var_dump($a); // bool(false)
$a = (false xor true);
var_dump($a); // bool(true)
?>
At first I thought this was some egregious bug, and then I realized that this is merely an issue of operator precedence. English-word boolean operators have relatively low precedence--in fact they take place after assignment. So the first example assigns false to $a, and then does an xor operation on $a and boolean true.
Someone ever noted that C type operators are applicable in php as well?
more like a (bool / boolean) cast...
See:
<?php
ini_set('display_errors', 1);
ini_set('error_reporting', 8191);// php5
$whatever = NULL;
$Iwaslike = 'WTF!';
if(!!($whatever)){
echo '$whatever'.PHP_EOL;
}
if(!!($Iwaslike)){
echo '$Iwaslike'.PHP_EOL;
}
if(!!!($whatever)){
echo '$whatever'.PHP_EOL;
}
if(!!!($Iwaslike)){
echo '$Iwaslike'.PHP_EOL;
}
?>
Some examples from the english manual that aren't avaiable in all languages:
Like in C, logical expressions are evaluated
from left to right until the result is known.
foo() will never get called in the following cases.
<?php
$a = (false && foo());
$b = (true || foo());
$c = (false and foo());
$d = (true or foo());
?>
"||" has a greater precedence than "="
which has a greater one than "or"
<?php
// same as ($e = (false || true)),
// expression is true and $e ist assigned to true
$e = false || true;
// same as (($e = false) or true),
// expression is true but $e is assigned to false
$f = false or true;
?>
"&&" has a greater precedence than "="
which has a greater one than "and"
<?php
// same as ($e = (true || false)),
// expression is false and $e ist assigned to false
$g = true && false;
// same as (($e = true) and false),
// expression is false but $e is assigned to true
$h = true and false;
?>
Re:Richard
I show $b printing 1 rather than "banana". Here's how I understand what's going on.
<?php
//"||" has a greater precedence than "or"
$a=0 or $a="avocado"; //evaluated as ($a=0) or ($a="avacado")
//Since $a=0 is false, $a="avocado" is evaluated and $a is assigned the string value "avocado".
echo "$a"; //prints "avocado"
var_dump ($a); // string(7) "avocado"
$b=0 || $b="banana"; // evaluated as $b = (0 || $b = "banana")
echo $b; //prints "1"
var_dump ($b); // bool(true)
?>
Re Lawrence:
You sort of can do conditional evaluation:
$a=0 or $a="avocado";
echo "$a"; #Prints "avocado"
But oddly:
$b=0 || $b="banana";
echo $b; #Prints "banana"
$a = false xor true;
var_dump($a); // bool(false)
$a = (false xor true);
var_dump($a); // bool(true)
worth reading for people learning about php and programming: (adding extras <?php ?> to get highlighted code)
about the following example in this page manual:
Example#1 Logical operators illustrated
...
<?php
// "||" has a greater precedence than "or"
$e = false || true; // $e will be assigned to (false || true) which is true
$f = false or true; // $f will be assigned to false
var_dump($e, $f);
// "&&" has a greater precedence than "and"
$g = true && false; // $g will be assigned to (true && false) which is false
$h = true and false; // $h will be assigned to true
var_dump($g, $h);
?>
_______________________________________________end of my quote...
If necessary, I wanted to give further explanation on this and say that when we write:
$f = false or true; // $f will be assigned to false
the explanation:
"||" has a greater precedence than "or"
its true. But a more acurate one would be
"||" has greater precedence than "or" and than "=", whereas "or" doesnt have greater precedence than "=", so
<?php
$f = false or true;
//is like writting
($f = false ) or true;
//and
$e = false || true;
is the same as
$e = (false || true);
?>
same goes for "&&" and "AND".
If you find it hard to remember operators precedence you can always use parenthesys - "(" and ")". And even if you get to learn it remember that being a good programmer is not showing you can do code with fewer words. The point of being a good programmer is writting code that is easy to understand (comment your code when necessary!), easy to maintain and with high efficiency, among other things.
and, or and xor can be used as conditional constructs:
<?php
// do_that() is executed only if do_this() returns false
if($something) do_this() or do_that();
// $b is assigned to $b, do_that() is executed if $b is false
if($something) $a = $b or do_that();
// do_that() is executed only if do_this() returns true
if($something) do_this() and do_that();
// $b is assigned to $b, do_that() is executed if $b is true
if($something) $a = $b and do_that();
// both do_that() and do_this() are executed..
if($something) do_this() xor do_that();
// .. so the behaviour is same as:
if($something) {
do_this();
do_that();
}
?>
for understanding what happens if $b is NULL or do_this() returns NULL, read the avbentem's comment on NULL type. generaly speaking, NULL is threated like false in most cases.
$test = true and false; ---> $test === true
$test = (true and false); ---> $test === false
$test = true && false; ---> $test === false
Note that PHP's boolean operators *always* return a boolean value... as opposed to other languages that return the value of the last evaluated expression.
For example:
$a = 0 || 'avacado';
print "A: $a\n";
will print:
A: 1
in PHP -- as opposed to printing "A: avacado" as it would in a language like Perl or JavaScript.
This means you can't use the '||' operator to set a default value:
$a = $fruit || 'apple';
instead, you have to use the '?:' operator:
$a = ($fruit ? $fruit : 'apple');
> <?php
> your_function() or return "whatever";
> ?>
doesn't work because return is not an expression, it's a statement. if return was a function it'd work fine. :/
Please note that while you can do things like:
<?php
your_function() or die("horribly");
?>
you can't do:
<?php
your_function() or return "whatever";
?>
(it will give you a syntax error).
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; P1 P2; And; OR ; XOR ;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; V V ; V ; V ; F ;
; V F ; F ; V ; V ;
; F V ; F ; V ; V ;
; F F ; F ; F ; F ;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
<?php
$a = 2;
$b = 3;
$c = 6;
print !($a > $b && $b < $c);// true
print (($a > $b) and ($b < $c));// false
print ($a == $b or $b < $c); // true
print $a == $b || $b < $c; // true
$x = $a < $b; //$x = true
$y = $b === $c; //$y = false
print $x xor $y; // true
?>
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